Nuelin SR

Theophylline anhydrous.

Anhydrous Theophylline (1,3-dimethyl xanthene) 200 mg and 250 mg in the form of sustained release tablet.

Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Theophylline has a direct relaxant effect on the smooth muscle of bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels, serving as a bronchodilator and pulmonary vasodilator. It also exhibits activities typical of xanthines such as CNS stimulation including the respiratory centre, cardiac stimulation, coronary vasodilatation, diuresis and increased gastric secretion. The mechanism of action of theophylline in vivo has not been fully elucidated. One mechanism of smooth muscle relaxation may be inhibition of phosphodiesterase that reduces intracellular hydrolysis of cyclic AMP. Increased intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP have been associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. There is no evidence that tolerance develops with continued use of theophylline. Theophylline is closely related to the other xanthines, caffeine and theobromine. Generally, the xanthines relax smooth muscle, act on the kidney to produce diuresis, stimulate the central nervous system and stimulate cardiac muscle.
Pharmacokinetics: Nuelin-SR Tablets are a sustained release formulation appropriate for long term use. Steady-state conditions are usually achieved after 4 days therapy. It is now generally believed that plasma concentrations of 10-20 µg/mL constitute a therapeutic range, although some patients may benefit from levels below this. Theophylline is well absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of theophylline from Nuelin-SR Tablets is approximately 100%. Peak levels after administration of Nuelin-SR Tablets usually occur at 4 to 6 hours post-dose. Total bioavailability is not altered by food intake. Single dose studies with Nuelin-SR Tablets show that food delays the rate of absorption slightly, especially in children. In multiple dosing situations, a slower rate of theophylline absorption leads to lower peak-trough fluctuation. The plasma half-life of theophylline in adults varies considerably. In healthy adults it ranges from 3 to 12 hours. The half-life is shortened by smoking. The half-life of theophylline is prolonged by reduced hepatic function, congestive heart failure, pulmonary disease, severe hypoxia, reduced thyroid function, acute febrile states, viral infections and administration of some drugs. Patients with a prolonged half-life of theophylline, from whatever cause, require a reduced dosage. In children aged 1-9 years, the half-life is usually significantly shorter than in adults, averaging about 3.5 hours. In newborns and neonates, clearance is extremely slow. Approximately 50-70% of circulating theophylline is bound to the plasma proteins of adults, but binding is decreased to about 40% in newborn infants and in adults with hepatic cirrhosis. Theophylline partitions into saliva and breast milk and crosses the placental barrier. Theophylline is metabolised in the liver, principally to 1,3-dimethyluric acid with other metabolites being 3-methylxanthine and 1-methyluric acid. 3-Methylxanthine has some pharmacological activity, but less than theophylline. Theophylline and its metabolites are excreted by the kidney. About 10% of the administered dose is excreted unchanged in the urine

For the relief and prophylaxis of reversible bronchospasm associated with bronchial asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and related conditions.

Desirable therapeutic levels are considered to be between 10-20 µg/mL (55-110 µmol/L). Higher levels may produce toxic effects. Toxic effects may also occur at therapeutic levels. When maximum response is required, dose levels should be individually titrated. Serum theophylline may be monitored to confirm that levels are within the therapeutic range. Monitoring is particularly recommended when dose levels exceed 1 g daily in adults or 24 mg/kg daily in children.
Adults: 200 to 300 mg (one tablet) every twelve hours. This dose can be gradually increased or decreased by half a tablet if sufficient therapeutic effect is not achieved or if side effects occur.
Children: Nuelin-SR Tablets are not recommended for administration to children under 2 years of age. For children over 2 years, administration as advised by the physician.

Symptoms: Early symptoms of toxicity such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, irritability, agitation, anxiety, insomnia, hypotension, palpitations and tachycardia, may progress to sensory disturbances, confusion, hyperthermia, ventricular arrhythmias, extreme thirst, delirium and convulsions. Every theophylline overdose should be regarded as potentially fatal and all patients should be closely monitored.
Treatment: There is no specific antidote to theophylline. Symptomatic support is indicated. Gastric lavage and general supportive measures (eg to maintain circulation, respiration and fluid and electrolyte balance) are recommended. Oral activated charcoal may reduce serum theophylline levels, whilst in severe cases charcoal haemoperfusion may be required.
The important features of overdose management are: Gastric Decontamination: Gastric lavage is recommended especially when slow release preparations have been ingested. Note that the conscious state, gag reflex or occurrence of seizures may require the patient to be intubated before lavage is carried out. (Ipecac-induced emesis is not appropriate because it reduces the likelihood that patients will be able to tolerate oral charcoal.)
Use of Activated Charcoal and Cathartic (either sorbitol or polyethylene glycol): This has been shown in several studies to reduce the half-life of theophylline substantially, even when absorption has been completed. The recommended dose is 1 g/kg every 4-6 hours (or 10 g/hour) until the theophylline level has plateaued or commenced falling or is below 55 µmol/L. (This depends on the experience of the physician in managing theophylline overdose.)
Control of Emesis (otherwise patients will not tolerate charcoal): Metoclopramide, ranitidine, droperidol and possibly ondansetron can be used but there is no controlled trial evidence for any of these.

Nuelin SR should not be used where hypersensitivity to its constituents or to xanthines generally is known or has been demonstrated.

Not applicable.

As there is a correlation between plasma levels of theophylline and therapeutic effect and as patient response can vary considerably due to variable rates of elimination, monitoring plasma levels in individual patients is strongly recommended. Dosage should be individualised if optimal therapeutic effect is to be achieved. However, individual patients also have a widely variable tolerance to adverse effects and so symptomatology should be considered as well as monitored levels.
Acute symptoms of asthma requiring rapid treatment: Sustained release products are therapeutically inappropriate for acute asthma requiring prompt treatment.
Theophylline should not be administered concurrently with other xanthine medications and caution should be exercised when sympathomimetic agents are also part of the regimen.
Theophylline clearance decreases in patients with reduced thyroid function, congestive heart failure, acute pulmonary oedema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, severe hypoxia, pneumonia, acute febrile episodes and during acute viral infection.
Because of its cardiac side effects, use theophylline with caution in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, unstable angina, cardiomyopathy and severe hypertension. Theophylline increases gastric acid secretion and should be used with caution in patients with peptic ulcer or gastro-oesophageal reflux.
Smoking may increase theophylline clearance and increased doses of theophylline may be required.
Xanthine containing beverages (e.g: tea, coffee, cola, cocoa) may interfere with some serum theophylline assays.
There is some evidence that Theophylline exhibit dose-dependent kinetics, at least in sick and elderly patients.
Use in Pregnancy: Theophylline does across the placental barrier. The effect on foetal development is not known. Theophylline clearance is significantly decreased in premature infants. Therefore, if this drug is administered to the mother near the time of delivery, the neonate should be monitored closely for the pharmacological effects of theophylline. Hence the use of theophylline in pregnant women should be balanced against the risk of uncontrolled asthma.
Use in Lactation: Theophylline is excreted in breast milk and irritability has been reported in infants of nursing mothers taking theophylline. It is advisable to keep serum theophylline concentrations as low as possible in nursing mothers while maintaining adequate asthma control.
Use in Children: Nuelin-SR are not recommended for administration to children under 2 years of age. For children over 2 years, administration as advised by the physician.

Pregnancy: Theophylline does across the placental barrier. The effect on foetal development is not known. Theophylline clearance is significantly decreased in premature infants. Therefore, if this drug is administered to the mother near the time of delivery, the neonate should be monitored closely for the pharmacological effects of theophylline. Hence the use of theophylline in pregnant women should be balanced against the risk of uncontrolled asthma.
Lactation: Theophylline is excreted in breast milk and irritability has been reported in infants of nursing mothers taking theophylline. It is advisable to keep serum theophylline concentrations as low as possible in nursing mothers while maintaining adequate asthma control.

The most common adverse reactions are gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, epigastric pain, reactivation of peptic ulcer, gastro-oesophageal reflux, haematemesis, tachycardia, palpitation, headache, CNS stimulation, reflex hyperexcitability, insomnia and tremor. Other possible reactions include diarrhoea, extrasystoles, flushing, hypotension, tachypnoea, potentiation of diuresis, albuminuria, haematuria, rash, hyperglycaemia, hypokalaemia, alopecia and inappropriate ADH secretion (high dose). More serious signs of high serum levels (usually above 30 μg/mL), such as cardiac arrhythmias and convulsions, may appear rarely without prior warning.

The following drugs have been shown to decrease the hepatic clearance of theophylline, thus increasing its serum concentration: Cimetidine, high dose allopurinol, propranolol, macrolide antibiotics (eg. erythromycin, clarithromycin), quinolone antibiotics (eg. ciprofloxacin and enoxacin), alcohol, oral contraceptives, mexiletine, tacrine, thiabendazole, disulfiram, Interferon alpha and verapamil.
The following substances have been shown to increase the hepatic clearance of theophylline, thus lowering its serum concentration: tobacco or marijuana smoking, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine and rifampicin. Theoretical potential interactions of theophylline with products containing Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort), possibly involving the CYP 1A2 isoform, could result in reduced plasma levels of theophylline.
It is recommended that serum theophylline levels are monitored and dosage adjustments made if concomitant therapy with these drugs/substances is commenced or ceased during continued theophylline therapy.
Ventricular arrhythmias have been reported when halothane is used concurrently with theophylline. Concurrent use of ketamine with theophylline may lower the seizure threshold.
Theophylline has been reported to enhance the renal clearance of lithium, thus reducing serum lithium levels.
Synergism with adrenaline and other sympathomimetic amines has been reported with theophylline. Concomitant administration of a β-adrenergic agonist with methylxanthines has resulted in cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in studies carried out in laboratory animals. The clinical significance of these findings when applied to humans is not known at present.
The effect of ranitidine, diltiazem, nifedipine, isoniazid, furosemide, influenza vaccine and corticosteroids on theophylline is uncertain, but concomitant use of these drugs should be monitored closely.

Store below 30°C. Keep container tightly closed.

Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations

R03DA04 - theophylline ; Belongs to the class of xanthines. Used in the systemic treatment of obstructive airway diseases.

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