Ephedrix Adverse Reactions

Epinephrine is a potent sympathomimetic and may exhibit the adverse effects typical of both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor stimulation. Adverse effects such as anxiety, dyspnoea, hyperglycaemia, restlessness, palpitations, tachycardia (sometimes with angina pain), tremors, sweating, hypersalivation, weakness, dizziness, headache, and coldness of extremities may occur even with low doses. Since epinephrine does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, its central effects may be largely a somatic response to its peripheral effects. Overdosage may cause cardiac arrhythmias and a sharp rise in blood pressure (sometimes leading to cerebral haemorrhage and pulmonary edema); these effects may occur at normal dosage in susceptible subjects.
Epinephrine is a potent vasoconstrictor and gangrene may occur if epinephrine -containing local anaesthetic solutions are infiltrated into digits. Extravasations of parenteral epinephrine also results in intense vasoconstriction, leading to tissue necrosis and sloughing. Topical application of adrenaline to mucosal surfaces similarly causes vasoconstriction, which may induce hypoxia leading to compensatory rebound congestion of the mucosa. Inhalation of adrenaline has been associated with epigastric pain, which has been attributed to ingestion of some of the inhalation; it can be minimized by rinsing the mouth and throat with water after inhaling.