Gracevit Mechanism of Action

Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action: The mechanism of action of sitafloxacin involves inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Bactericidal activity of sitafloxacin results from inhibition of these enzymes. The inhibitory activity of sitafloxacin against these enzymes was higher than that of the other quinolone antimicrobials used as comparators. Sitafloxacin also has a potent inhibitory activity against enzymes from quinolone-resistant bacteria.
Antibacterial Activity: Sitafloxacin has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as atypical bacteria. Sitafloxacin showed potent antibacterial activities against microorganisms such as Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus sp., Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., Proteus sp., Morganella morganii, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Peptostreptococcus sp., Prevotella sp., Porphyromonas sp., Fusobacterium sp., Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In comparison to other quinolone antimicrobials, sitafloxacin shows more potent antibacterial activities in particular against Streptococcus pneumoniae (including penicillin-resistant and macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae), Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (including quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli).
Therapeutic Effects of Sitafloxacin for Experimental Infection: Sitafloxacin showed a therapeutic effect against infection, reflecting its antimicrobial activity in vitro in mouse models of sepsis caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative organisms. Sitafloxacin also showed a greater therapeutic effect than the other quinolone antimicrobial agents used as controls in a mouse model of pneumococcal respiratory tract infection.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis in Patients with Respiratory Infections: The results of the PK/PD analysis in a clinical study conducted in patients with respiratory tract infections demonstrated that the eradication rate of causative pathogens increased along with increase of AUC_0-24hr/MIC or C_max/MIC value. The rate of disappearance of major causative organisms in patients with respiratory tract infections, involving 22 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains, was 96.3% (78/81) for cases with an AUC_0-24hr/MIC of more than 100 or 96.3% (79/82) for cases with a C_max/MIC of more than 5. The results of clinical studies conducted in patients with respiratory tract infections due to Streptococcus pneumonia strains, demonstrated that the eradication rates of the pathogens were both 98.9% (89/90) in case with an ƒAUC_0-24hr/MIC greater than 30 and in case with an ƒC_peak/MIC greater than 2, as estimated for the serum concentration of unbinding form of sitafloxacin, respectively.
Pharmacokinetics: Serum Drug Concentrations: The following figures and tables show serum concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of sitafloxacin following a single and repeated oral dose administered to healthy adults in the fasting or postprandial state. (See Figures 1, 2 and 3; and Tables 2, 3 and 4.)

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Serum Protein Binding: The mean serum protein-binding rate of sitafloxacin was practically constant ranging from 46-55%, as determined by ultrafiltration, 1, 4 and 8 hours after being administered orally to healthy adults in a single dose of 100 mg.
Distribution: When sitafloxacin was administered orally in a single dose of 50 or 100 mg, the drug concentrations in different tissue and body fluid were as follows, indicating favorable drug transfer to these tissue/fluid: see Table 5.

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Metabolism: Sitafloxacin was scarcely metabolized and was excreted as an unchanged form in the urine. Some of the metabolites identified in the serum, urine and feces are as follows: glucuronide, 7'-oxo metabolite, 7'S-hydroxylated metabolite, glucuronide of 7'S-hydroxylated metabolite, and N-acetyl conjugate.
An in vitro study performed using human tissue specimens showed that sitafloxacin modestly inhibited the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 enzymatic activities, but did not cause any inhibition of other CYP isoforms eg, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.
Excretion: When 50 or 100 mg of sitafloxacin was administered to healthy adults in the fasting state, approximately 70% of these administered doses was excreted in unchanged form in urine within 48 hours.
Data of the United Kingdom showed that after administration of ¹⁴C-labeled sitafloxacin at a dose of 100 mg, approximately 80% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in urine within 72 hours and approximately 20% was excreted in feces within 72 hours.
Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Renal Function Disorders: In patients grouped according to creatinine clearance value (Ccr) who were administered a single oral dose of 50 mg sitafloxacin in the fasted state, a prolonged biological half-life of serum concentration and a delay of the urinary excretion were observed progressively with decreasing renal function. (See Tables 6 and 7.)

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Pharmacokinetics in Elderly Subjects: Five elderly and 6 non-elderly subjects aged from 67 to 80 years and from 25 to 35 years, respectively, received a single oral dose of 100 mg of sitafloxacin in the fasting state. In the elderly subjects, prolonged t_½ decreased C_max and increased AUC_0-24hr were observed in comparison to the non-elderly subjects. These findings suggest that the pharmacokinetic profile of sitafloxacin is influenced by age-related decline of the absorption and excretion functions. (See Table 8.)

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Toxicology: Preclinical Safety Data: Single-Dose Toxicity: Approximate oral lethal doses were over 1880 and 469 mg/kg in rats and monkeys, respectively. Intravenous LD₅₀ was 188 mg/kg in mice.
Repeated-Dose Toxicity: In rats, toxic findings included urinary medicine-like crystals with no renal lesions, and exacerbation of spontaneous femoral osteochondrotic lesions after 4 and 13-week oral dosing, with 46.9 and 20 mg/kg/day of No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). In monkeys, decreased spermatogenic cells in testis, and a mild increase in serum phospholipid level were seen after 4 and 52-week oral dosing, with 28.1 and 25 mg/kg/day of NOAEL.
Genotoxicity: Sitafloxacin was positive in in vitro reverse mutation (Escherichia coli WP2uvrA/pKM101), chromosomal aberration and mouse lymphoma TK tests, but negative in in vivo micronucleus, unscheduled DNA synthesis and dominant lethality tests.
Reproductive Toxicity: Sitafloxacin had no effects on fertility, pregnancy and lactation in parental rats, but induced abortion in rabbits as a common effect of antibiotics. Sitafloxacin was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits although minor effects were noted in foetuses and offsprings.
Arthrotoxicity in dogs: Sitafloxacin induced blister formation in the articular cartilage of juvenile, but not adult, dogs.
Phototoxicity: NOAELs were 20 and 93.8 mg/kg/day in albino and pigmented mice.
Photogenotoxicity: Sitafloxacin was positive in in vitro photogenotoxicity test, but NOAEL was 20 mg/kg in in vivo mouse test.