Nootropil

Piracetam.

Each film-coated tablet contains 800 mg of piracetam.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Polyethylene glycol 6000, Colloidal anhydrous silica, Magnesium stearate, Sodium croscarmellose, Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, Titanium dioxide (E171), Polyethylene glycol 400.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other psychostimulants and nootropics. ATC Code: N06BX03.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action: Available data suggest that piracetam basic mechanism of action is neither cell- nor organ-specific. Piracetam binds physically in a dose-dependent manner to the polar head of phospholipids membrane models, inducing the restoration of the membrane lamellar structure characterised by the formation of mobile drug-phospholipid complexes. This probably accounts for an improved membrane stability, allowing the membrane and transmembrane proteins to maintain or recover the three-dimensional structure or folding essential to exert their function. Piracetam has neuronal and vascular effects.
Pharmacodynamic effects: Neuronal effect: At the neuronal level, piracetam exerts its membrane activity in various ways. In animals, piracetam enhances a variety of types of neurotransmission, primarily through postsynaptic modulation of receptor density and activity. In both animals and man, the functions involved in cognitive processes such as learning, memory, attention and consciousness were enhanced, in the normal subject as well as in deficiency states, without the development of sedative or psychostimulant effects. Piracetam protects and restores cognitive abilities in animals and man after various cerebral insults such as hypoxia, intoxications and electroconvulsive therapy. It protects against hypoxia-induced changes in brain function and performance as assessed by electroencephalograph (EEG) and psychometric evaluations.
Vascular effects: Piracetam applies its haemorrhagic effect to thrombocytes, erythrocytes and the walls of the blood vessels by increasing the deformability of erythrocytes, reducing the aggregability of thrombocytes, reduces the adhesion of erythrocytes to the walls of vessels and reduces capillary vasospasm.
Effects on the red blood cells: In patients with sickle cell anaemia, piracetam improves the deformability of the erythrocyte membrane, decreases blood viscosity, and prevents rouleaux formation.
Effects on platelets: In open studies in healthy volunteers and in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, increasing doses of piracetam up to 12 g was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in platelet functions compared with pre-treatment values (tests of aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, epinephrine and β TG release), without significant change in platelet count. In these studies, piracetam prolonged bleeding time.
Effects on blood vessels: In animal studies, piracetam inhibited vasospasm and counteracted the effects of various spasmogenic agents. It lacked any vasodilatory action and did not induce "steal" phenomenon, nor low or no reflow, nor hypotensive effects.
In healthy volunteers, piracetam reduced the adhesion of RBCs to vascular endothelium and possessed also a direct stimulant effect on prostacycline synthesis in healthy endothelium.
Effects on coagulation factors: In healthy volunteers, compared with pre-treatment values, piracetam up to 9.6 g reduced plasma levels of fibrinogen and von Willebrand's factors (VIII: C; VIII R: AG; VIII R: vW) by 30 to 40 %, and increased bleeding time.
In patients with both primary and secondary Raynaud phenomenon, compared with pre-treatment values, piracetam 8 g/d during 6 months reduced plasma levels of fibrinogen and von Willebrand's factors (VIII: C; VIII R: AG; VIII R: vW (RCF)) by 30 to 40 %, reduced plasma viscosity, and increased bleeding time.
Pharmacokinetics: The pharmacokinetic profile of piracetam is linear and time-independent with low intersubject variability over a large range of doses. This is consistent with the high permeability, high solubility, and minimal metabolism of piracetam. Plasma half-life of piracetam is 5 hours. It is similar in adult volunteers and in patients. It is increased in the elderly (primarily due to impaired renal clearance) and in subjects with renal impairment. Steady state plasma concentrations are achieved within 3 days of dosing.
Absorption: Piracetam is rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration. In fasted subjects, the peak plasma concentrations are achieved 1 hour after dosing. The absolute bioavailability of piracetam oral formulations is close to 100%. Food does not affect the extent of absorption of piracetam but it decreases C_max by 17% and increases T_max from 1 to 1.5 hours. Peak concentrations are typically 84 µg/ml and 115 µg/ml following a single oral dose of 3.2 g and repeat dose of 3.2 g twice daily, respectively.
Distribution: Piracetam is not bound to plasma proteins and its volume of distribution is approximately 0.6 l/kg. Piracetam crosses the blood brain barrier as it has been measured in cerebrospinal fluid following intravenous administration. In cerebrospinal fluid, the T_max was achieved about 5 hours post-dose and the half-life was about 8.5 hours. In animals, piracetam highest concentrations in the brain were in the cerebral cortex (frontal, parietal and occipital lobes), in the cerebellar cortex and in the basal ganglia. Piracetam diffuses to all tissues except adipose tissues, crosses placental barrier, and penetrates the membranes of isolated red blood cells.
Metabolism: Piracetam is not known to be metabolized in the human body. This lack of metabolism is supported by the lengthy plasma half-life in anuric patients and the high recovery of parent compound in urine.
Elimination: The plasma half-life of piracetam in adults is about 5 hours following either intravenous or oral administration. The apparent total body clearance is 80-90 ml/min. The major route of excretion is via urine, accounting for 80 to 100% of the dose. Piracetam is excreted by glomerular filtration.
Linearity: The pharmacokinetics of piracetam are linear over the dose range of 0.8 to 12 g. Pharmacokinetic variables like half-life and clearance are not changed with respect to the dose and the duration of treatment.
Special patient populations: Children: No formal pharmacokinetic study has been conducted in children.
Elderly: In the elderly, the half-life of piracetam is increased and the increase is related to the decrease in renal function in this population (see Dosage & Administration).
Renal impairment: Piracetam clearance is correlated to creatinine clearance. It is therefore recommended to adjust the daily dose of piracetam based on creatinine clearance in patients with renal impairment (see Dosage & Administration). In anuric End Stage Renal Disease subjects, the half-life of piracetam is increased up to 59 hours. The fractional removal of piracetam was 50 to 60% during a typical 4-hour dialysis session.
Hepatic impairment: The influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of piracetam has not been evaluated. Because 80 to 100% of the dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug, hepatic impairment solely would not be expected to have a significant effect on piracetam elimination.
Other patient characteristics: Gender: In a bioequivalence study comparing formulations at a dose of 2.4 g, C_max and AUC were approximately 30% higher in women (N=6) compared to men (N=6). However, clearances adjusted for body weight were comparable.
Race: Formal pharmacokinetic studies of the effects of race have not been conducted. Cross study comparisons involving Caucasians and Asians, however, show that pharmacokinetics of piracetam were comparable between the two races. Because piracetam is primarily renally excreted and there are no important racial differences in creatinine clearance, pharmacokinetic differences due to race are not expected.

Adults: Piracetam is indicated for: Symptomatic treatment of the psycho-organic syndrome whose features, improved by treatment, are memory loss, attention disorders and lack of drive.
Treatment of cortical myoclonus, alone or in combination.
Treatment of vertigo and associated disorders of balance, with the exception of dizziness of vasomotor or psychic origin.
Prophylaxis and remission of sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises.
Children: Piracetam is indicated for: Treatment of dyslexia, in combination with appropriate measures such as speech therapy.
Prophylaxis and remission of sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises.

Piracetam may be taken with or without food. The film-coated tablets should be swallowed with liquid.
Route of Administration: For oral use.
Adults: Symptomatic treatment of psycho-organic syndromes: The recommended daily dose ranges from 2.4 g up to 4.8 g, in two or three sub-doses.
Treatment of myoclonus of cortical origin: The daily dosage should begin at 7.2 g, increasing by 4.8 g every three or four days up to a maximum of 20 g, in two or three divided doses. Treatment with other anti-myoclonic medicinal products should be maintained at the same dosage. Depending on the clinical benefit obtained, the dosage of other such medicinal products should be reduced, if possible. The dosage must be set individually for each patient by a therapeutic trial.
Once started, treatment with piracetam should be continued for as long as the original cerebral disease persists. In patients with an acute episode, spontaneous evolution may occur over time and an attempt should be made every 6 months to decrease or discontinue the medicinal treatment. This should be done by reducing the dose of piracetam by 1.2 g every two days (every three or four days in the case of a Lance-Adams syndrome, in order to prevent the possibility of sudden relapse or withdrawal seizures).
Treatment of vertigo: The recommended daily dose ranges from 2.4 g to 4.8 g, in two or three divided doses.
Prophylaxis and remission of sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises: The recommended daily dose for prophylaxis is 160 mg/kg, orally, in four divided doses.
The recommended daily dose for remission is 300 mg/kg intravenously, in four divided doses.
For sickle cell anaemia the prophylactic dosage must be permanent.
A dose lower than 160 mg/kg/day or irregular intake may result in relapse of crises.
Children: Dyslexia: The recommended dosage for school age children (from 8 years old) and adolescents is 3.2 g per day, that means 2 tablets of 800 mg in the morning and in the evening, usually during the whole period of the school year.
Prophylaxis and remission of sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises: For children from 3 years old onwards the prophylactic dosage is 160 mg/kg/per day divided into 4 divided doses. In case of remission a dose of 300 mg/kg/day is administered intravenously, divided into 4 divided doses. The prophylactic administration in sickle cell anaemia must be permanent.
A dose lower than 160 mg/kg/per day or an irregular intake may cause a relapse of the illness. Piracetam is administered to children with sickle cell anaemia indication in recommended daily doses (mg/kg - see previous text). Piracetam has been administered only to a limited number of children in the age range of 1-3 years.
Elderly: Adjustment of the dose is recommended in elderly patients with compromised renal function (see Renal impairment under Precautions).
For long term treatment in the elderly, regular evaluation of the creatinine clearance is required to allow dosage adaptation if needed.
Renal impairment: Piracetam is contraindicated in severe renal impairment (renal creatinine clearance of less than 20 ml per minute) (see Contraindications and Precautions).
The daily dose must be individualised according to renal function. Refer to the following table and adjust the dose as indicated. To use this dosing table, an estimate of the patient's creatinine clearance (Clcr) in ml/min is needed. The Clcr in ml/min may be estimated from serum creatinine (mg/dl) determination using the following formula: See equation and table.


Click on icon to see table/diagram/image




Click on icon to see table/diagram/image


Hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment is needed in patients with solely hepatic impairment. In patients with hepatic impairment and renal impairment, adjustment of dose is recommended (see dose adjustment in Renal impairment as previously mentioned).

Symptoms and signs: No additional adverse events specifically related to overdose have been reported with piracetam.
The highest reported overdose with piracetam was oral intake of 75 g wherein bloody diarrhoea with abdominal pain, was most probably related to the extreme high dose of sorbitol contained in the used formulation.
Treatment: In acute, significant overdosage, the stomach may be emptied by induction of emesis. There is no specific antidote for overdose with piracetam. Treatment for an overdose will be symptomatic treatment and may include haemodialysis. The extraction efficiency of the dialyser is 50 to 60% for piracetam.

Piracetam is contraindicated in: Hypersensitivity to piracetam, other pyrrolidone derivatives or any of the excipients; End stage renal disease (renal creatinine clearance of less than 20 ml per minute); Cerebral haemorrhage.
Piracetam should not be used in patients suffering from Huntington's Chorea.

Effects on platelet aggregation: Due to the effect of piracetam on platelet aggregation, caution is recommended in patients with severe haemorrhage, patients at risk of bleeding such as gastrointestinal ulcer, patients with underlying disorders of haemostasis, patients with a history of haemorrhagic CVA, patients undergoing major surgery including dental surgery, and patients using anticoagulants or platelet antiaggregant drugs including low dose aspirin.
Renal insufficiency: Piracetam is eliminated via the kidneys and care should thus be taken in cases of renal insufficiency (see Dosage & Administration).
Discontinuation: Abrupt discontinuation of treatment should be avoided as this may induce myoclonic or generalised seizures in some myoclonic patients.
Sickle cell vaso-occlusive crises: For sickle cell indication, a dose lower than 160 mg/kg/day or irregular intake may result in relapse of crises.
Excipients: Sodium: These products contain about 2 mmol (or about 46 mg) sodium per 24 g piracetam. This should be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.
Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines: In view of the undesirable side effects, which were observed after the administration of the preparation, there is the possibility of influence on the ability to drive and to operate machinery and this should be taken into consideration.
Use in the Elderly: For long-term treatment in the elderly, regular evaluation of the creatinine clearance is required to allow dosage adaptation if needed (see Dosage & Administration).

Fertility: There are no relevant data available.
Pregnancy: Piracetam should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary, when benefit exceeds the risks and the clinical condition of the pregnant mother requires treatment with piracetam.
There are no adequate data from the use of piracetam in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryonal/foetal development, parturition or post-natal development.
Piracetam crosses the placental barrier. Drug levels in the newborn are approximately 70% to 90% of maternal levels.
Lactation: Piracetam should not be used during breastfeeding or breastfeeding should be discontinued, while receiving treatment with piracetam. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue piracetam therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Piracetam is excreted in human breast milk.

Clinical Trial and Post Marketing Data: Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical or pharmaco-clinical trials, of which quantified safety data are available (extracted from the UCB Documentation Data Bank on June 1997), included more than 3000 subjects receiving piracetam, regardless of indication, dosage form, daily dosage or population characteristics.
Adverse reactions are ranked under headings of frequency using the following convention: Very common ≥1/10; Common ≥1/100 to <1/10; Uncommon ≥1/1000 to <1/100; Rare ≥1/10000 to <1/1000; Very rare <1/10000; Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Not known: haemorrhagic disorder.
Immune system disorders: Not known: anaphylactoid reaction, hypersensitivity.
Psychiatric disorders: Common: nervousness.
Uncommon: depression.
Not known: agitation, anxiety, confusion, hallucination.
Nervous system disorders: Common: hyperkinesia.
Uncommon: somnolence.
Not known: ataxia, balance disorder, epilepsy, headache, insomnia.
Ear and labyrinth disorders: Not known: vertigo.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Not known: abdominal pain, abdominal pain upper, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Not known: angioedema, dermatitis, pruritus, urticaria.
General disorders and administration site conditions: Uncommon: asthenia.
Investigations: Common: weight increased.

Pharmacokinetic interactions: The drug interaction potential resulting in changes of piracetam pharmacokinetics is expected to be low because approximately 90% of the dose of piracetam is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug.
In vitro, piracetam does not inhibit the human liver cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 4A9/11 at concentrations of 142, 426 and 1422 µg/ml. At 1422 µg/ml, minor inhibitory effects on CYP 2A6 (21%) and 3A4/5 (11%) were observed. However, the K_i values for inhibition of these two CYP isoforms are likely to be well in excess of 1422 µg/ml.
Therefore, metabolic interaction of piracetam with other drugs is unlikely.
Thyroid hormones: Confusion, irritability and sleep disorder have been reported during concomitant treatment with thyroid extract (T3 + T4).
Acenocoumarol: In a published single-blind study on patients with severe recurrent venous thrombosis, piracetam 9.6 g/d did not modify the doses of acenocoumarol necessary to reach INR 2.5 to 3.5, but compared with the effects of acenocoumarol alone, the addition of piracetam 9.6 g/d significantly decreased platelet aggregation, β-thromboglobulin release, levels of fibrinogen and von Willebrand's factors (VIII: C; VIII: vW: Ag; VIII: vW: RCo) and whole blood and plasma viscosity.
Antiepileptic drugs: A 20 g daily dose of piracetam over 4 weeks did not modify the peak and trough serum levels of antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone, valproate) in epileptic patients who were receiving stable doses.
Alcohol: Concomitant administration of alcohol had no effect on piracetam serum levels and alcohol levels were not modified by a 1.6 g oral dose of piracetam.

Store below 30°C.
Shelf Life: 48 months.

Nootropics & Neurotonics/Neurotrophics

N06BX03 - piracetam ; Belongs to the class of other psychostimulants and nootropics.