Tezspire

Tezepelumab.

Clear to opalescent, colourless to light yellow solution.
Each pre-filled pen contains 210 mg tezepelumab in 1.91 mL (110 mg/mL).
Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by recombinant DNA technology.
Excipients/Inactive Ingredients: Glacial acetic acid, L-proline, Polysorbate 80, Sodium hydroxide, Water for injection.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases, other systemic drugs for obstructive airway diseases. ATC code: R03DX11.
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action: Tezepelumab is a monoclonal antibody (IgG2λ) directed against thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), preventing its interaction with the heterodimeric TSLP receptor. In asthma, both allergic and non-allergic triggers induce TSLP production. Blocking TSLP with tezepelumab reduces a broad spectrum of biomarkers and cytokines associated with airway inflammation (e.g. blood eosinophils, airway submucosal eosinophils, IgE, FeNO, IL-5, and IL-13); however, the mechanism of action of tezepelumab in asthma has not been definitively established.
Pharmacodynamic effects: Effect on blood eosinophils and inflammatory biomarkers and cytokines: In clinical trials, administration of tezepelumab 210 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks reduced blood eosinophils counts, FeNO, IL-5 concentration, IL-13 concentration and serum IgE concentration from baseline compared with placebo. These markers were near maximal suppression after 2 weeks of treatment, except for IgE which declined more slowly. These effects were sustained throughout treatment.
Effect on eosinophils in the airway submucosa: In a clinical trial, administration of tezepelumab 210 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks reduced submucosal eosinophil counts by 89% compared with a 25% reduction with placebo. Reduction was consistent regardless of baseline inflammatory biomarkers.
Immunogenicity: In NAVIGATOR, anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were detected at any time in 26 (4.9%) out of 527 patients who received tezepelumab at the recommended dosing regimen during the 52-week study period. Of these 26 patients, 10 patients (1.9% of patients treated with tezepelumab) developed treatment-emergent ADA and 1 patient (0.2% of patients treated with tezepelumab) developed neutralising antibodies. ADA titres were generally low and often transient. No evidence of ADA impact on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, or safety was observed.
Clinical efficacy: The efficacy of tezepelumab was evaluated in two randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled clinical trials (PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR) of 52 weeks in duration involving a total of 1609 patients aged 12 years and older with severe asthma. In both trials, patients were enrolled without requiring a minimum baseline level of blood eosinophils or other inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. FeNO or IgE).
PATHWAY was a 52-week exacerbation trial which enrolled 550 patients (18 years of age and older) with severe, uncontrolled asthma to receive treatment with tezepelumab 70 mg subcutaneous Q4W, tezepelumab 210 mg subcutaneous Q4W, tezepelumab 280 mg subcutaneous Q2W or placebo. Patients were required to have a history of 2 or more asthma exacerbations requiring oral or systemic corticosteroid treatment or 1 asthma exacerbation resulting in hospitalisation in the past 12 months.
NAVIGATOR was a 52-week exacerbation trial which enrolled a total of 1061 patients (adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older) with severe, uncontrolled asthma to receive treatment with tezepelumab 210 mg subcutaneous Q4W or placebo. Patients were required to have a history of 2 or more asthma exacerbations requiring oral or systemic corticosteroid treatment or resulting in hospitalisation in the past 12 months.
In both PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR, patients were required to have an Asthma Control Questionnaire 6 (ACQ-6) score of 1.5 or more at screening, and reduced lung function at baseline (pre-bronchodilator FEV₁ below 80% predicted in adults, and below 90% predicted in adolescents). Patients were required to have been on regular treatment with medium- or high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and at least one additional asthma control therapy with or without oral corticosteroids (OCS). High ICS dose was defined as > 500 mcg fluticasone propionate or equivalent per day. Medium ICS dose was defined as > 250 to 500 mcg fluticasone propionate or equivalent per day in PATHWAY and as 500 mcg fluticasone propionate or equivalent per day in NAVIGATOR. Patients continued background asthma therapy throughout the duration of the trials.
The demographics and baseline characteristics of these two trials are provided in Table 1 as follows. (See Table 1.)

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The results summarised as follows are for the recommended tezepelumab 210 mg subcutaneous Q4W dosing regimen.
Exacerbations: The primary endpoint for PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR was the rate of severe asthma exacerbations measured over 52 weeks. Severe asthma exacerbations were defined as worsening of asthma requiring the use of or increase in oral or systemic corticosteroids for at least 3 days or a single depo-injection of corticosteroids, and/or emergency department visits requiring use of oral or systemic corticosteroids and/or hospitalisation.
In both PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR, patients receiving tezepelumab had significant reductions in the annualised rate of severe asthma exacerbations compared with placebo (Table 2 and Table 3). There were also fewer exacerbations requiring emergency room visits and/or hospitalisation in patients treated with tezepelumab compared with placebo. In PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR, severe asthma exacerbations requiring emergency room visits and/or hospitalisation were reduced by 85% and 79% with tezepelumab 210 mg subcutaneous Q4W, respectively. (See Tables 2 and 3.)

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Subgroup analysis: In NAVIGATOR, tezepelumab demonstrated a reduction in the rate of severe asthma exacerbations regardless of the baseline levels of blood eosinophils, FeNO, as well as allergic status (determined by a perennial aeroallergen specific IgE). Similar results were seen in PATHWAY. (See figure.)
In NAVIGATOR, reductions in the rate of severe asthma exacerbations were greater with increasing baseline blood eosinophil counts and FeNO values (rate ratio = 0.79 [95% CI: 0.48, 1.28] for patients with both baseline blood eosinophil count < 150 cells/μL and baseline FeNO < 25 ppb; rate ratio = 0.30 [95% CI: 0.23, 0.40] for patients with both baseline blood eosinophil count ≥ 150 cells/μL and baseline FeNO ≥ 25 ppb).

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Lung function: Change from baseline in FEV₁ was assessed as a secondary endpoint in NAVIGATOR. Compared with placebo, tezepelumab provided clinically meaningful improvements in the mean change from baseline in FEV₁ (Table 4).
Patient reported outcomes: Changes from baseline in ACQ-6, Standardised Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire for ages 12 and older [AQLQ(S)+12] and weekly mean Asthma Symptom Diary (ASD) scores were assessed as secondary endpoints in NAVIGATOR. Severity of wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, and chest tightness were assessed twice daily (morning and evening). Night-time awakening and activity were assessed on a daily basis. The total ASD score was calculated as the mean of 10 items (Table 4).
Improvements in ACQ-6 and AQLQ(S)+12 were seen as early as 2 weeks and 4 weeks after administration of tezepelumab, respectively, and sustained through week 52 in both trials. (See Table 4.)

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Elderly patients (≥ 65 years of age): Of the 665 patients with asthma exposed to tezepelumab 210 mg subcutaneous Q4W in PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR, a total of 119 patients were 65 years of age or older, of which 32 patients were 75 years of age or older. Safety in these age groups were similar to the overall study population. Efficacy in these age groups were similar to the overall study population in NAVIGATOR. PATHWAY did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 and over to determine efficacy in this age group.
Paediatric population: A total of 82 adolescents aged 12 to 17 with severe, uncontrolled asthma were enrolled in NAVIGATOR and received treatment with tezepelumab (n=41) or placebo (n=41). Of the 41 adolescents receiving treatment with tezepelumab, 15 were taking high-dose ICS at baseline. The annualised asthma exacerbation rate observed in adolescents treated with tezepelumab was 0.68 versus 0.97 for placebo (rate ratio 0.70; 95% CI 0.34, 1.46). The LS mean change from baseline for FEV₁ observed in adolescents treated with tezepelumab was 0.44 L versus 0.27 L for placebo (LS mean difference 0.17 L; 95% CI -0.01, 0.35). The pharmacodynamic responses in adolescents were generally similar to the overall study population.
Pharmacokinetics: The pharmacokinetics of tezepelumab were dose-proportional following subcutaneous administration over a dose range of 2.1 mg to 420 mg.
Absorption: Following a single subcutaneous administration, the maximum serum concentration was reached in approximately 3 to 10 days. Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, the estimated absolute bioavailability was approximately 77%. There was no clinically relevant difference in bioavailability when administered to different injection sites (abdomen, thigh, or upper arm).
Distribution: Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, central and peripheral volume of distribution of tezepelumab were 3.9 L and 2.2 L, respectively, for a 70 kg individual.
Metabolism: Tezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody (IgG2λ) that is degraded by proteolytic enzymes widely distributed in the body and not metabolised by hepatic enzymes.
Elimination: As a human monoclonal antibody, tezepelumab is eliminated by intracellular catabolism and there is no evidence of target-mediated clearance. From population pharmacokinetic analysis, the estimated clearance for tezepelumab was 0.17 L/d for a 70 kg individual. The elimination half-life was approximately 26 days.
Special populations: Age, gender, race: Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, age, gender and race had no clinically meaningful effects on the pharmacokinetics of tezepelumab.
Body weight: Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, higher body weight was associated with lower exposure. However, the effect of body weight on exposure had no meaningful impact on efficacy or safety and does not require dose adjustment.
Paediatric patients: Based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis, there was no clinically meaningful age-related difference in the pharmacokinetics of tezepelumab between adults and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Tezepelumab has not been studied in children under 12 years of age (see Dosage & Administration).
Elderly patients (≥ 65 years of age): Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, there was no clinically meaningful difference in the pharmacokinetics of tezepelumab between patients 65 years of age or older and younger patients.
Renal impairment: No formal clinical studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of renal impairment on tezepelumab. Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, tezepelumab clearance was similar in patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance 60 to < 90 mL/min), moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 to < 60 mL/min) and those with normal renal function (creatinine clearance ≥ 90 mL/min). Tezepelumab has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min); however, tezepelumab is not cleared renally.
Hepatic impairment: No formal clinical studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of hepatic impairment on tezepelumab. IgG monoclonal antibodies are not primarily cleared via hepatic pathway; change in hepatic function is not expected to influence tezepelumab clearance. Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, baseline hepatic function biomarkers (ALT, AST, and bilirubin) had no effect on tezepelumab clearance.
Toxicology: Preclinical safety data: Non-clinical data revealed no special hazard for humans based on repeated dose toxicity studies including safety pharmacology and fertility evaluations, and an ePPND (enhanced Pre- and Post-Natal Development) reproductive toxicity study in cynomolgus monkeys at doses of up to 300 mg/kg/week (producing exposures of greater than 100-times the clinical exposure at maximum recommended human dose [MRHD]).
Tezepelumab is excreted in milk in monkeys, although at low concentrations (< 1%).
Tezepelumab is a monoclonal antibody, as such genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted.

Tezspire is indicated as an add-on maintenance treatment in adults and adolescents 12 years and older with severe asthma who are inadequately controlled despite high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus another medicinal product for maintenance treatment.

Treatment should be initiated by physicians experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of severe asthma.
Posology: Adults and adolescents (aged 12 years and older): The recommended dose is 210 mg of tezepelumab by subcutaneous injection every 4 weeks.
Tezspire is intended for long-term treatment. A decision to continue the therapy should be made at least annually based on the patient's level of asthma control.
Missed dose: If a dose is missed, the dose should be administered as soon as possible. Thereafter, the patient can resume dosing on the scheduled day of administration. If the next dose is already due, then administer as planned. A double dose must not be administered.
Special populations: Elderly (≥ 65 years of age): No dose adjustment is required for elderly patients (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Renal and hepatic impairment: No dose adjustment is required for patients with renal or hepatic impairment (see Pharmacology: Pharmacokinetics under Actions).
Paediatric population: The safety and efficacy of Tezspire in children under 12 years of age have not been established. No data are available.
Method of administration: Tezspire is administered as a subcutaneous injection.
A patient may self-inject or the patient's caregiver may administer this medicinal product after training in subcutaneous injection technique. Proper training should be provided to patients and/or caregivers on the preparation and administration of Tezspire prior to use according to the 'Instructions for Use'.
Tezspire should be injected into the thigh or abdomen, except for the 5 cm around the navel. If a healthcare professional or caregiver administers the injection, the upper arm can also be used. A patient should not self-inject in the arm. It should not be injected into areas where the skin is tender, bruised, erythematous, or hardened. It is recommended to rotate the injection site with each injection.
Comprehensive instructions for administration using the pre-filled pen is provided in the 'Instructions for Use'.

In clinical trials, doses of up to 280 mg were administered subcutaneously every 2 weeks (Q2W) and doses of up to 700 mg were administered intravenously every 4 weeks (Q4W) to patients with asthma without evidence of dose-related toxicities.
There is no specific treatment for an overdose with tezepelumab. If overdose occurs, the patient should be treated supportively with appropriate monitoring as necessary.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in Description.

Traceability: In order to improve the traceability of biological medicinal products, the name and the batch number of the administered product should be clearly recorded.
Acute asthma exacerbations: Tezspire should not be used to treat acute asthma exacerbations.
Asthma-related symptoms or exacerbations may occur during treatment. Patients should be instructed to seek medical advice if their asthma remains uncontrolled or worsens after initiation of treatment.
Corticosteroids: Abrupt discontinuation of corticosteroids after initiation of therapy is not recommended. Reduction in corticosteroid doses, if appropriate, should be gradual and performed under the supervision of a physician.
Hypersensitivity reactions: Hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis, rash) may occur following administration of tezepelumab (see Adverse Reactions). These reactions may occur within hours of administration, but in some instances have a delayed onset (i.e. days).
A history of anaphylaxis unrelated to tezepelumab may be a risk factor for anaphylaxis following Tezspire administration. In line with clinical practice, patients should be monitored for an appropriate time after administration of Tezspire.
In the event of a serious hypersensitivity reaction (e.g. anaphylaxis), administration of tezepelumab should be discontinued immediately and appropriate treatment as clinically indicated should be initiated.
Serious infections: Blocking thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) may theoretically increase the risk of serious infections. In placebo-controlled studies, no increase in serious infections was observed with tezepelumab.
Patients with pre-existing serious infections should be treated before initiating therapy with tezepelumab. If patients develop a serious infection while receiving tezepelumab treatment, therapy with tezepelumab should be discontinued until the serious infection resolves.
Serious cardiac events: In a long-term clinical study, a numerical imbalance in serious cardiac adverse events was observed in patients treated with tezepelumab compared to placebo. No causal relationship between tezepelumab and these events has been established, nor has a patient population at risk of these events been identified.
Patients should be advised of signs or symptoms suggestive of a cardiac event (for example, chest pain, dyspnoea, malaise, feeling lightheaded or faint) and to seek immediate medical attention if such symptoms occur. If patients develop a serious cardiac event while receiving tezepelumab treatment, therapy with tezepelumab should be discontinued until the acute event stabilises.
There is currently no data on re-treatment of patients who develop a serious cardiac event or serious infection.
Parasitic (helminth) infection: TSLP may be involved in the immunological response to some helminth infections. Patients with known helminth infections were excluded from participation in clinical trials. It is unknown if tezepelumab may influence a patient's response against helminth infections.
Patients with pre-existing helminth infections should be treated before initiating therapy with tezepelumab. If patients become infected while receiving treatment and do not respond to anti-helminth treatment, therapy with tezepelumab should be discontinued until infection resolves.
Sodium content: This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per 210 mg dose, that is to say essentially 'sodium-free'.
Effects on ability to drive and use machines: Tezspire has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Pregnancy: There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of tezepelumab in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).
Human IgG antibodies, such as tezepelumab, are transported across the placenta barrier; therefore, Tezspire may be transmitted from the mother to the developing foetus.
As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Tezspire during pregnancy unless the expected benefit to the pregnant mother is greater than any possible risk to the foetus.
Breast-feeding: It is unknown whether tezepelumab is excreted in human milk. Human IgGs are known to be excreted in breast milk during the first few days after birth, which decreases to low concentrations soon afterwards; consequently, a risk to the breast-fed child cannot be excluded during this short period.
For this specific period, a decision should be made whether to discontinue/abstain from tezepelumab therapy, taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding to the child and the benefit of therapy to the woman.
Afterwards, tezepelumab could be used during breast-feeding if clinically needed.
See Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions for information on the excretion of tezepelumab in animal (cynomolgus monkey) milk.
Fertility: There are no fertility data in humans. Animal studies showed no adverse effects of tezepelumab treatment on fertility (see Pharmacology: Toxicology: Preclinical safety data under Actions).

Summary of the safety profile: The most commonly reported adverse reactions during treatment are arthralgia (3.8%) and pharyngitis (4.1%).
Tabulated list of adverse reactions: Table 5 presents the adverse reactions from clinical studies in patients with severe asthma, whereby a total of 665 patients received at least one dose of Tezspire in trials of 52 weeks duration, and from post-marketing experience.
The frequency of adverse reactions is defined using the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000); and not known (cannot be estimated from available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. (See Table 5.)

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Description of selected adverse reactions: Injection site reactions: In the pooled safety data from PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR, injection site reactions (e.g. injection site erythema, injection site swelling, injection site pain) occurred at a rate of 3.8% in patients treated with tezepelumab 210 mg subcutaneous every 4 weeks (Q4W).
Paediatric population: A total of 82 adolescents aged 12 to 17 with severe, uncontrolled asthma were enrolled in the 52-week Phase 3 NAVIGATOR study (see Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics under Actions). The safety profile in adolescents was generally similar to the overall study population.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions: Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are recommended to report any suspected adverse reactions to the Drug Office of Department of Health and AstraZeneca.

No interaction studies have been performed.
The use of live attenuated vaccines should be avoided in patients receiving tezepelumab.
In a randomised, double-blind, parallel group study of 70 patients aged between 12 and 21 years with moderate to severe asthma, tezepelumab treatment did not appear to affect the humoral antibody responses induced by seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccination.
A clinically relevant effect of tezepelumab on the pharmacokinetics of co-administered asthma medicinal products is not expected. Based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis, commonly co-administered asthma medicinal products (including leukotriene receptor antagonists, theophylline/aminophylline and oral corticosteroids) had no effect on tezepelumab clearance.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling: This medicinal product is for single-use only.
Prior to administration, remove carton from refrigerator and allow Tezspire to reach room temperature. This generally takes 60 minutes.
Visually inspect Tezspire for particulate matter and discolouration prior to administration. Tezspire is clear to opalescent, colourless to light yellow. Do not use this medicinal product if liquid is cloudy, discoloured, or if it contains large particles or foreign particulate matter.
Additional information and instructions for the preparation and administration of Tezspire using the pre-filled pen are given in the 'Instructions for Use'.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Incompatibilities: In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C).
Keep the pre-filled pen in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
Do not freeze. Do not shake. Do not expose to heat.
Shelf life: 3 years.
Tezspire may be kept at room temperature (20°C - 25°C) for a maximum of 30 days. After removal from the refrigerator, Tezspire must be used within 30 days or discarded.

Antiasthmatic & COPD Preparations

R03DX11 - tezepelumab ; Belongs to the class of other systemic drugs used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases.

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