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Administration
May be taken with or without food.
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Contraindications
CV disease, cardiomyopathy, peripheral vascular resistance, arrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, hyperexcitability, phaeochromocytoma, closed-angle glaucoma, urinary retention, following nasal or sinus surgery (nasal). Ischaemic heart disease, prostatic hyperplasia (oral). Hypertension (nasal/oral). Concomitant use or within 14 days of withdrawal of MAOIs. Concomitant use with other sympathomimetics and α-sympathomimetic agents (IV/nasal). β-blockers (nasal). Children <12 years old (nasal).
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Special Precautions
Patient with diabetes mellitus. Ischaemic heart disease, arrhythmia, tachycardia, hypertension, angina pectoris (IV). Asthma (oral/nasal). Hyperthyroidism, closed-angle glaucoma (IV/oral). Prostatic hyperplasia (IV/nasal). Renal impairment. Children and elderly. Pregnancy and lactation. Monitoring Parameters Monitor blood pressure and pulse. Monitor patients with renal impairment for adverse reactions.
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Adverse Reactions
Significant: Rebound nasal congestion, mucosal ulceration, epistaxis, discomfort including dryness, stinging, burning (nasal). Hypertension (IV).
Cardiac disorders: Palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, tachycardia (IV/oral).
Eye disorders: Mydriasis (nasal); closed-angle glaucoma (IV).
Gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea, vomiting; dry mouth (nasal/oral); thirst (nasal); hypersalivation (IV/nasal).
Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Hyperglycaemia (nasal); hypokalaemia, anorexia (IV/nasal).
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Muscle weakness (nasal).
Nervous system disorders: Headache, dizziness, insomnia, irritability, tremors, tolerance.
Psychiatric disorders: Anxiety, hallucination.
Renal and urinary disorders: Urinary retention.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Dyspnoea.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Diaphoresis.
Vascular disorders: Hypertension; impaired circulation to the extremities (nasal/oral); vasodilation, flushing (nasal).
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Drug Interactions
May increase risk of arrhythmias with halogenated anaesthetics (e.g. halothane, cyclopropane), cardiac glycosides, quinidine, and TCAs. May block the antihypertensive effect of adrenergic neurone blockers (e.g. guanethidine). Increased risk of vasoconstrictor or pressor effects with ergot alkaloids and oxytocin. May increase the incidence of nausea, insomnia and nervousness with theophylline. May increase clearance of dexamethasone. May potentiate stimulant effect of caffeine.
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ATC Classification
R01AA03 - ephedrine ; Belongs to the class of topical sympathomimetic agents used as nasal decongestants.
S01FB02 - ephedrine ; Belongs to the class of sympathomimetics used as mydriatics and cycloplegics. R01AB05 - ephedrine ; Belongs to the class of topical sympathomimetic combination preparations, excluding corticosteroids. Used as nasal decongestants. C01CA26 - ephedrine ; Belongs to the class of adrenergic and dopaminergic cardiac stimulants excluding glycosides. Used in the treatment of heart failure. R03CA02 - ephedrine ; Belongs to the class of adrenergics for systemic use, alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists. Used in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases. |
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